INTRODUCTION

Mobile technology is growing at a persistent pace from two decades. It has shown a great development from 2G to 4G and now, it is about to move to the next level i.e. 5G (Mitra et. al, 2015). 5G is aimed to be in operation by the 2020 although its first phase will be released in the mid of 2019 to be checked on few cities of America (Don Clark, 2018). If one wants to live in the world of the Internet of Things (IoT), then there must the great internet speed to fulfill the requirements, so that every task can be accomplished in less time. Though 4G is in operation this time, still there is a need for more speed, so that the demands with the emerging technologies can be accomplished.

5G TECHNOLOGY

5G technology simply means the fifth-generation mobile wireless technology which is very fast and reliable. As these days, everything has access from the single IP or internet, then there is the strict need that the speed of the internet must be very high and there should be no latency. Though the 4G networks are providing the great internet speed, but still with the rise in the number of users of mobile, i.e. 6 billion users of mobiles in the current scenario, the demand of the internet speed is also increasing, especially in large population areas like Asia. 5G technology is much more energy efficient that can meet the future network needs of the people (Thompson J. et al., 2014).

EVOLUTION FROM 1G to 5G

There is an evolution in the mobile technology due to the 1G to 5G because of the growth in number of users of mobile technology. 1G consists of the analog system and basically used in the cell phones in the 1980s and has the frequency of the 150MHz. In the late 1980s, the 2G network system changed to the digital systems and have digital signals for the voice transmission and used the bandwidth range between the 30 to 200KHz.

After that, it has changed to 2.5G which uses the packet switched and circuit switched domain. Then the 3G comes which uses the wireless technology. The packet switching technology is used in this. It operates at the range of 2100MHz and had a bandwidth of 15-20MHz. Then 4G comes, which has the same features as that of the 3G, but with the greater speed 100Mbps. It is considered as the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and by 2020, the technology is moving to the next step i.e. 5G, which will have great internet speed and can fulfill today’s internet demands (Kachhavay et. al, 2014).

HOW 5G DIFFERS FROM 4G?

The 5G is still in research phase while the 4G is in the rapid deployment phase. The 4G is providing the raw bandwidth availability, while the 5G is providing the fast and reliable network to the internet users. The 5G is designed specifically for fulfilling the IoT needs while 4G is made to incorporate all this for the IoT implementation. The 4G is the monolithic, while the 5G will be the combination of the 2g to all the technologies till now. There will be special architecture for the 5G like cloud RAN or Virtual RAN (Gopal et. al, 2015).

APPLICATIONS AND CHALLENGES FOR 5G

The 5G has various applications for the future world. It will make all the fiction stories a reality. With the help of 5G, the devices automatically monitor the patient condition and assist them in medications. The completely automated driving dream can be achieved with the help of 5G technology (Gopal et. al, 2015). Along with the benefits, there are many challenges as well. The major challenge for the 5G network will be to provide the network greater than the 10Gbps speed. Also, the integration of the emerging monitoring and control units with 5G technology and making latency rate less than 1ms are the big challenges (Thompson J. et al., 2014).

The new technologies are emerging day by day. When the mobile phones have come into existence, no one has ever thought that it can change to the smart things without which the life is not possible. All these things have made the 5G technology a reality which will be in existence by 2020. Though there are many challenges along with the applications in which one of the important is to reduce the net latency by 1ms, still it provides the hope that the future is going to be gold.

REFERENCES

Gopal, B. G., & Kuppusamy, P. G. (2015). A Comparative Study on 4G and 5G Technology for Wireless Applications. IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering, 10(6), 67-72. doi:10.9790/2834-10636772

Thompson, J. et al. (2014). 5G wireless communication systems: prospects and challenges [Guest Editorial]. IEEE Communications Magazine, 52(2), 62-64. doi:10.1109/mcom.2014.6736744

Don Clark (2018). What Is 5G? Here’s What You Need to Know About the New Network. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/31/technology/personaltech/5g-what-you-need-to-know.html

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Today’s world is called the digital world. It’s all because humans are so dependent on the machines. So, it becomes important to make the machines smarter so they can satisfy the human aspirations and this development of smart machines or devices is known as the artificial intelligence. The machine learning plays a significant role in the artificial intelligence because, through machine learning, the devices are able to learn from previous experiences and perform better for the further tasks.

It is considered as the next big thing but actually, it is the big thing these days as every company like Uber, Google, Apple, Amazon trying to deploy it in their applications and devices (Singh, 2018).

The concept of the artificial intelligence is now not limited to the antique fiction stories or movies, where the concept of the robots has been used so extensively (Geere & Highfield, 2016). Now, it is the reality where the field of robotics has shown great improvements because of the concept of the artificial intelligence.

There was the time when qwerty mobiles mean a lot, but nowadays smart mobiles are the indispensable part of everyone’s life. Now, there are the robots which can interact in the same way as humans example, Sophie, like the other human, is talking. So, there is a lot of development in the field of AI but still, the scope is left for the improvements.

Artificial intelligence has improved the status of life of the people to more extent. There are so many benefits that are there with the use of AI. There are fewer errors now and the level of the precision has been increased. They are known as the digital assistants as they have made all of our work easy (Reddy, 2018). It can work efficiently for 24*7 and also can perform the risky tasks which the humans may not able to do so alone (Lath, 2018). Along with the benefits, there are cons as well of using the AI. The implementation of the AI algorithms is expensive. The increasing efficiency of AI is decreasing the efficiency of the human and hence the issue of the unemployment is rising (Reddy, 2018). So, there is a need to maintain the balance between the both aspects.

There is no doubt that there are immense applications of the AI in the near future. Today, speech recognition, face recognition are the small applications in which the AI is being used. The concept of the AI can be applied to many more fields like in education, medical etc. It is being assumed that computers will be smart as the humans by the year 2040 (Geere & Highfield, 2016). So, its progress can be examined from this point of view. Its been thought that many of the hazardous jobs in the industries will be done by the robots and there will be less loss of the human life as robots can be repaired if something bad happens.

The diagnosis and treatment of the patients will become easy with the help of AI. The various researches are going on to explore the complete potential of the AI. Some are pointing out that it can lead to the end of the human race, but still the control is in our hands.

The AI is the emerging field and there is a lot of scope in this field. The AI has proved to be very valuable in the decision-making processes. But there is some concern with the use of the AI as the world has divided into the two groups of optimists and pessimists. The debate on the AI’s use is the ongoing topic everywhere. With the help of AI and superintelligence, the future of the humankind is bright as their all needs will be met and they can live happily (Geere & Highfield, 2016).

But still, there is a necessity to look at the long-term impacts on the use of AI. Some well-known personalities like Elon Musk also showed concern on the rise of AI and considered it as the end for the human existence. There are many worries and pathway for the solutions (Anderson, Rainie, & Luchsinger, 2018). It depends on the humans, whether they want to use the AI as the boon or want to turn it into the bane.

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The optical and wireless networks are an important part of the modern world of technology. Both the networks are capable of providing efficient, cost-effective, flexible architectures for the different types of networks. The advantages of both the networks can be combined to get a new hybrid network called Fi-Wi (Fiber-Wireless) network that is capable of providing promising services to both the networks at the same time. The Fi-Wi network is an arrangement of optical and wireless networks. It supports both types of connections in the network.

The fiber-wireless network provides provide a number of advantages that include

1. Higher bandwidth
2. Reliability
3. Cost-effectiveness
4. Increased network capacity
5. Separate services
6. Separate service providers
7. Better flexibility

The basic architecture of Fi-Wi consists of PON (Passive Optical Network) as a backend network and WMN (Wireless Mesh Network) as a frontend network. The normal architecture of Fi-Wi network is shown in figure 1. The main parts of the PON are Remote Node (RN), Optical Line Terminal (OLT), fibers, and Optical Network Unit (ONU). The WMN consists of wireless routers, end-users, and wireless gateways (Bhatt, U. R. et al., 2015).

Fig. 1: Basic architecture of Fi-Wi (Bhatt, U. R., Sarsodia T. et al., 2015)

With the increase in technology and the latest trends, the Fi-Wi networks give rise to new more powerful access networks to provides more optimized solutions and paradigms. Currently, there are two techniques that can be used to implement the fiber-wireless networks. One is FSO (Free Space Optical) that is also known as optical wireless, second is RoF (Radio over fiber). FSO allows the line of sight communications that enables point to point connections by modulating the signals that are in the form of infrared beams. Whereas the RoF technique uses the analog link to send the modulated frequency (Ghazisaidi, N. et al., 2009).

Fi-Wi networks provide high data rate over the networks that are making these networks popular but in case if any component fails then there may be huge data loss as well. So, the network must be designed in a way so that it can survive in such situations and prevent such kind of data losses. A number of algorithms were developed in past and many are in progress that can increase the data rate of Fi-Wi networks and to reduce the blocking probability in the networks (Bhatt, U. R., Sarsodia T. et al., 2015). The blocking probability specifies the ratio of blocked requests on the network for the connection requests.

The main requirement of the Fi-Wi network is to be integrated with the existing infrastructure of the optical networks. With this, there are chances that fiber-wireless technology can easily adapt the advantage of previous networks and provides more benefits related to bandwidth and data rate as well. Due to these reasons, the fiber-wireless networks are also useful in the areas where a wired connection is not possible and high speed of data rate is required such as disaster recovery environments (Lisa Zyga., 2010).

It has been observed that Fi-Wi network can be deployed using various architectures and technologies that make it more popular and famous. But there are still numerous challenges that need to be overcome related to Fi-Wi networks. These challenges include finding the scalable and feasible architecture and related technology to support the network. Another challenge is to successfully integrate these technologies into the network so that they can work as required (Ghazisaidi, N. et al., 2009).

Apart from these, new technologies to provide more bandwidth for networks must be studied in more detail. Routing in the wireless mesh networks is another issue that needs to address for more development in this field. Fi-Wi network protocols and architecture made significant progress that can open many ways for future developments.

But still, there are a number of areas that need to addressed to provide more quality services on the Fiber-Wireless networks such as routing, bandwidth allocation, and specific technology related to architecture. But with the growing trends of more techniques and technologies, it is possible that these networks will soon replace the existing fiber networks to provide more bandwidth and increased the data rate.

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The MARS bioimaging which is a New Zealand based company, developed world’s first 3D X-ray scanner called MARS Scanner. The scanner was invented and developed by scientist Phil Butler and his son Anthony Butler who are from Canterbury and Otago Universities in New Zealand. The scanner used a collection of various developed chips that capture the individual particles as the camera captures. It uses the Medipix3 chips that worked like the pixel detectors (Marchese K., 2018). The main concept of Medipix is to work like a normal camera to detect and counting each particle that hits the pixels. This enables the scanner to provide high contrast, high resolution, and reliable images that make it unique for many applications in the medical field only (Muller R., 2018).

The medipix3 chips are also enhanced with data processing algorithms that can detect the change in the wavelengths when x-ray passes through the different parts of the body. They also help the scanner to differentiate the muscles, bones, fat, and other liquid of the body. This data is used by the additional software to produce the full-fledged color images of the human body that also allow a three-dimensional view as well (Andrew Liszewski, 2018).

Before the invention of the MARS scanners small version of it is being used to diagnose the cancer, bone and joint health of the person, as these are the diseases which are not easy to diagnose. But studies show that the regular checkups of the body, with the 3D scanner, can help a lot in detecting these chronic diseases in the early stages and that too with accuracy which can save the life of the person with the customization of the treatment (Rohman T., 2018).

The company which is linked to Universities of Otago and Canterbury that is, MARS Bioimaging Ltd. is going to commercialize the product. These universities with the collaboration of other 20 research institutes are going to make the third generation of the Medipix called Medipix Collaboration. This advanced chip is going to produce enhanced detailed images of the subject and that too with the highest accuracy such that no other device can achieve that clarity in the images and that too with the highest accuracy. The thing which makes it different from the other tools is the accurate energy resolution and its small pixels which gives the high definition detailed images (Muller R., 2018).

This technology incorporates the technology that was discovered by the Higgs Boson in year 2012, and that technology was developed for the CERN’s Hadron Collider, which incorporates the technology for the particle tracking. This is the technology that has been used by the father and son combo for the 3D X-Ray scanning and makes the diagnostic simple for the patients and going to bring the revolution in the medical field (Straitstimes, 2018).

The CERN Knowledge Transfer group is the knowledge partner for the Medipix collaboration which has the expertise in the transferring technologies, and that can be used in the medical applications. The memorandum of understanding i.e. license agreement has been signed between the CERN (for Medipix collaboration) and MARS Bioimaging Ltd. for the transfer of the technology so that, it can make the diagnose of the chronic diseases easy and a satisfy the people needs for the disease diagnosis (Muller R., 2018).

The first trial for this is going to be in New Zealand for the orthopedic and rheumatology patients so that it can be made to use for the routine check-ups by the clinics and its potential can be used for the proper diagnosis by the new generation medial gadget (Muller R., 2018). This machine will simply create the 3D model for the human body on the screen distinguishing every part of the human body (Marchese K., 2018). This imaging process will be assisted by the software which will help in creating the clearer images for the subject and can help in the diagnose of the other disease as well, which was not in the notice of the patient. So, with the advancement in technology, it is good to have advancement in the medical field for the wellbeing (Andrew Liszewski, 2018).

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LiFi or Light Fidelity is a wireless communication or a Visible Light Communication (VLC) that uses the infrared or visible spectrum for high-speed data communication (Mercer, 2018). It aims at achieving high-speed, secure and fully-networked wireless communications (Haas, 2018).

Data is transmitted over Li-Fi by modulating the intensity of light. The light is then received by the photosensitive detector and demodulated in the electronic form. It uses common household LED light bulbs to enable data transfer, boosting speeds of up to 224 gigabits per second (Mundy & Kavanaugh, 2018). LiFi supports multiuser access and user mobility and it uses visible light instead of the Gigahertz radio waves for data transfer (Sharma R.R. et al., 2014).

Li-Fi is considered a fast and cheap version of Wi-Fi. Li-Fi is used in more dense environments as it has less interference of light as compared to radio frequency waves. In fact,  the environments that Li-Fi networks use are safe for its use (Cisco & Cisco Router, Network Switch, 2017).

It will also provide more secure data transfer as light is blocked by the walls in this type of data transfer. As the light emitting diodes (LEDs) have been successfully adopted, the opportunity to use the visible light spectrum for wireless networking has been arising. The traditional use of VLC transmitting was the only point-to-point wireless communication link between an LED light source and a receiver (Haas, 2018).

Li-Fi wireless networking has a number of advantages over the other forms of the networking technologies. The Li-Fi networking has three orders of magnitude enhanced data densities and unique properties to enhance physical layer security. As the use of Power-over-Ethernet (PoE) and its uses in lighting are increasing, there exist an opportunity to rely on the existing data network infrastructures (Haas, 2018).

The concept of Li-Fi Networking

In order to create a Li-Fi network, a room is lit with light fixtures which provide illumination. Each light is then driven by a Li-Fi modem and they serve as an optical base station, which is then connected by high-speed backhaul connections. The light fixtures have an infrared detector to receive signals from the terminals. Data can be encrypted in the light by changing the flickering rate of the LED.

The frequency of the illuminating light is so high that it is not visible to the occupants of the room. The light fixture is being provided with power by various different sources. The optical link is implemented by using a transmitter. These networking systems cover a large area and they are also able to connect multiple user equipment simultaneously (Haas, 2018).

There are various disadvantages of using point-point networks. Firstly, there can be multiple users and hence a multiple access scheme needs to be implemented. Also, the uplink light is visible to the users which distract them from their tasks. Hence, the use of an infrared light source is appropriate for the uplink. The modulation techniques also need to be high-speed and spectrum efficient as well as power efficient (Haas, 2018).

The use of Li-Fi networking has various advantages over other forms of networking. The LED light source radiates the optical power and signals directionally. Hence, its radiation is confined to a limited region. Moreover, the implementation of Li-Fi networks is also easy as they can be implemented by just modifying the existing lighting systems.

They have the capacity to augment 5G cellular systems as they can provide the extra wireless capacity without any interference of RF networks. These systems are also very cost efficient. In addition to this, it combines the illumination and data communication by using the same device to transmit data and to provide lighting (Mundy, J., & Kavanagh, S., 2018).

There are many misconceptions about Li-Fi. The first misconception is that Li-Fi is a LoS (line of sight) technology. However, there is no direct link between Li-Fi and LoS. Some people also believe that Li-Fi doesn’t work in the sunlight. Hence, it can work in sunlight.

Li-Fi uses advanced modulation techniques and hence, the lights can be dimmed. The flicker rate of the light is almost 10,000 higher than that of the computer screen. Therefore, the flicker is not perceived or seen by the peoples (Haas, 2018).

The trends of communication are changing. Now people aim at using communication techniques that have higher frequencies. Therefore, there is a standard shift in the field of networking. We are moving towards the implementation of Li-Fi as a networking tool. Li-Fi products have entered the market which has enabled the wireless networking through light. Therefore, Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) has become a reality and this technology will be very helpful in the future advancements.

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The concept of smartness in each and everything is on the rise. Whether its a TV, it should be smart, or a phone, it should be smart. Name a thing, that is not tending to be the smart these days. It is all because of the revolution of the ambient intelligence which is above from all the technologies. It is attracting everybody around the world so that Internet of Things have widespread applications.

Ambient Intelligence means the system which assists the people in their daily lives, by deploying the sensors or with the use of the applications. It’s the enhancement of the Internet of Things’ concept and is the extension of the artificial intelligence. It has the main application in the computer science field, which provides the future vision for the technology. If it is being said that, in the fourth industrial revolution, Ambient Intelligence (AmI) would be one key component, then it won’t be wrong in any way as it would be the main reason for the automation of everything (Augusto, 2009).

If there would be a discussion about the evolution of the technology in the form of ambient intelligence, then there is need to go back to the times, when the large computers have turned into the small screens by the miniaturization of the microprocessors (Augusto, 2009). As the costs on the use of them, started reducing, the evolution in the technology has taken place that has reached the point of Ambient Intelligence. Now, it has embedded into many appliances that everybody uses in their daily life like washing machines, refrigerators, gate system, security system etc.

Ambient intelligence has 5 components which have made the concept of smartness possible and that are artificial intelligence, algorithms computation, networks, sensors and actuators, and most important, human-computer interaction, though there is no computer in actual, its in the form of the device control. The working of the ambient intelligence includes the mechanism of sense- think and act (Augusto, 2009). It learns from its previous experiences because of the artificial intelligence component.

There are several factors that lead to the expansion of the ambient intelligence. One of the factors is usability. There is no need to have intensive knowledge about the product. It will itself lead one to the use of the device. Second is the technical feasibility, which makes it work reliably and efficiently, but still, there is a lot of scope of for the improvement (Lee, 2017). The other factors are the trust and confidence that can influence the adoption of the ambient intelligence. It should be able to enhance the social participation for the successful implementation of the technology.

There are a lot of opportunities in the field of ambient intelligence and there are many projects that are going on the concept of ambient intelligence in various countries. Even, the presence of the ambient intelligence is increasing. Everyone knows about the Alexa- the Amazon’s product is the successful project for the ambient intelligence. The various projects are going in Japan and Europe as well for healthcare i.e. Ambient Assist Living that will help the senior citizens to live independently (Lee, 2017).

Though ambient intelligence is making the way of living easy, still there are some issues which need to be addressed. The main concern is the optimization of the ambient systems. As it has to process the bulk information to provide the accurate and efficient solutions to the problem. Therefore, its optimization model has become so large, making it difficult as it can take more time. Also, very few alternatives are available for the ambient devices. Therefore, it is feasible for some of the solutions only and a lot of research and development is needed to make it work efficiently (Chen, T. T., et al., 2018).

In the bottom line, it can be said that ambient intelligence is changing the human’s life in a good way. Now, there is less time wastage, and people have more time to do the productive things, like further inventions for a better future. Now, what everyone used to think two decades before, are the reality and successfully implemented in the lives. Though, it still requires the more innovation and improvement, which need to be tapped; but it is influencing the lives of the human in a good way.

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Virtual Reality

It happens in everyone’s life at one or some point in life, that they want to go somewhere, or want to experience something but either they have insufficient funds or either don’t have that much time such that they can go for the vacation. Then, obviously, the virtual reality is for them.

Virtual Reality is the technology that allows the user to experience the things in the simulated environment with the proper graphics like they are living in the reality (ScienceDaily, 2019). The whole environment is computer generated. It’s the extension of the holographic imagery.

Virtual reality has made so many things possible and brings the new revolution in every field. The virtual reality environment consists of the computer screens or, special stereoscopic screens on which the user can experience the virtual artifact (ScienceDaily, 2019). They can also interact with the virtual environment which gives them the realistic experience along with the other appliances and make them feel like, they are at that place only. Everyone has heard about the simulated airplane pilot training or combat training; they all work on the principle of virtual reality.

To know about the working of the virtual reality, so that one can be immersed in the VR world, then there is the need for a VR headset or a Goggles and a compatible virtual reality device. There is a need of a head mount, which is called the ‘Cardboard’ sets, which will create the ‘display’ around the face, and it will feel like the reality like the one is present there at that moment, but they will be in the virtual scene.

The lenses of the headset create a stereoscopic 3D images that mimic the functioning of our real eyes and make the human’s feelings, they are present at that particular situation. It gives the experience of the ‘Telepresence’ (Borg, 2017). These days, if someone has experienced the virtual reality, then it would be in the games. It has made the gaming experience extremely commendable. Now, everyone is experiencing themselves as the part of the game. This concept was forwarded by the PlayStation in 2016, and after it took a great leap. It has opened the doors for many applications in the virtual reality.

In medical, there are a lot of applications in which virtual reality can help a lot. It can act in the same way, as a simulated airplane training, the only difference here would be that now the medical simulated system will be for the training of the medical practitioner. This will let them easily identify their weak points and less life loss will be there which can happen because of the negligence (Ornes, 2017). In tourism, it has great potential. The various holiday scenes can be created and make them feel to be at that place where they can relax, without going anywhere. It will save their time, will be in the budget as well.

Also, it has proven great for the depressing patients, as it has helped them in refreshing their minds. Also, it can be used to conquer the various phobias, by creating therapy sessions in VR. In education, it can be proved as a game changer. The reason is that it can improve the education system which is the need of the hour. The students can easily understand the various processes as they can experience that in a realistic way (Ornes, 2017).

The future of the VR can be easily imagined from the above examples. There is a lot of scope for the more innovation in the field of the VR. It is giving the idea of ‘Virtual Living’ to everyone and leading everyone to the time where there is nothing inaccessible or out of reach from the humans; as with the help of VR, they can also explore the space which is the dream of everyone (Borg, 2017).

Summing up, it can be said that VR has been successful in the creation of the illusion, in which the user is living in the other environment (Borg, 2017). There are many areas where the potential of VR can be tapped like in medical, education, or tourism; and it can lead everyone to the great future.

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